Optimizing Solar Cell Efficiency: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Abstract

This research paper provides a comprehensive review of cutting-edge solar cell technologies,
exploring their potential to surpass the performance limits of conventional silicon-based
devices. We delve into a diverse range of emerging materials, including group III–V
compounds, lead halide perovskites, sustainable chalcogenides, and organic photovoltaic
materials. Promising architectural advancements incorporating graphene and metamaterials
are highlighted, showcasing their potential to enhance light trapping and carrier transport.
The study thoroughly examines the intrinsic and extrinsic loss mechanisms that limit the
efficiency of single-junction solar cells. We analyze strategies for efficiency improvement,
focusing on light management techniques to maximize absorption and spectral utilization
approaches to capture a wider range of solar energy.While silicon solar cell efficiency has
plateaued, III–V multi-junction cells demonstrate increasing efficiencies, albeit with high
material costs. CIGS and CdTe technologies present cost-effective alternatives, but
environmental concerns and low open-circuit voltage in CdTe devices remain challenges.
Perovskite solar cells exhibit exceptional promise due to their high efficiencies in both single
and multi-junction configurations. However, industrialization requires addressing issues
related to device stability, hysteresis, and film quality.